How does Shakespeare present Iago as a tragic villain in Act 1 Essay Example

How does Shakespeare present Iago as a tragic villain in Act 1 Paper Shakespeares Iago is the antagonist of Othello but what makes him tragic is an enigma as he is reticent and seems motiveless. However, Shakespeare prints three possible motives into the play that present him as tragic. Iago is a Machiavellian villain as was Macbeth in Macbeth, written two years after Othello, and A.C. Bradley notes how Italian villainy was prevalent in Shakespeares time1. Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and political adviser. One of his most famous works is The Prince that outlines how a monarch should gain control by deceiving his opponent as an ally. Iago says he will follow Othello only to serve my turn upon him2 in that he may achieve his revenge. He is also a character built on amorality. A.C. Bradley says that he is a psychological impossibility and a product of imperfect observation3 but if he were to be perceived as amoral then his behaviour and scheming may be explained due to him being psychotic there was little knowledge of psychotic behaviour in the 16th century and insanity was diagnosed by religious leaders as being influenced by the devil which Iago is realized to be in Act five, scene two by the other characters: We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare present Iago as a tragic villain in Act 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare present Iago as a tragic villain in Act 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare present Iago as a tragic villain in Act 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I look down towards his feet; but thats a fable. If that you best a devil, I cannot kill thee. I bleed, sir; but not killed. The feet signify the devils hooves and the mere wound Othello deals Iago acts as evidence that Iago is the devil. The word fable also recognises the story that Iago has conjured up that has hid his true identity. The first motive is that he wants revenge on Othello and Cassio for preventing his promotion as he is worth no worse a place the first indication that he sees himself as above others. He is snide about how Cassio is an arithmetician that never set a squadron in the field, which illustrates how better equipped he is for the position and how Cassio is: A fellow almost damned in a fair wife. The word damned indicates how malevolent an act he sees making a man into a cuckold which may insinuate a tragic past. Secondly, Iagos villainy may sprout from racial prejudice, as it was unusual to have a black hero in Shakespeares time. When shouting at Brabantios window he distinguishes between Desdemona and Othellos colour and denotes how primitive he finds their sexual relationship using animal imagery: an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe. In his soliloquy at the end of act one, scene three, he accuses Desdemona of only being interested with Othellos body: when she is sated with his body, she will find the error of her choice. The rationale behind Iagos disdain for Othello is that he sees him as an animal. Iagos egoistic personality insists his dislike towards animals, as they are seen as inferior in intelligence and will as they rely on primitive, innate drives: Drown thyself? Drown cats and blind puppies. This line is spoken in reference to when Roderigo expresses how he wishes to drown himself and Iago can only insist that an inferior being is more worth death. The word blind also suggests the idea that they are useless, thus pointless, which makes them eligible for death in preservation of his self. He also, already, has a preconceived view of Othello as he claims that These Moors are changeable in their will implying that all Moors are the same just as animals are and so the comparison to animals is the source of Iagos racism. What is also notable about Iago is that he speaks to Othello in verse but prose to Roderigo, which shows how he is a sycophant but also as his rhetoric usage is superseded by Othellos he feels he is forever in Othellos shadow. Another source for his hate. Lastly, and most importantly, Iagos third possible motive for delivering vengeance upon Othello is that Othello made a cuckold of him by sleeping with Emilia. Iago proclaims this in Act one, scene three: I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. He is even unsure of whether it is true but the thought infuriates him so much that he decides that the idea is as worthy of being revenged as if it were true: I know not ift be true But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety. The idea of Emila having an affair with Othello may be what prompted him to assume that Desdemonas interest in him was purely sexual and so we begin to see how Shakespeare has created a tragic villain as he is drawing from his own misfortune and jealousy to fulfil his prophesy of revenge. It may even be a misconception that Emilia and Othello have had an affair as there is no further evidence that this is true and we, the audience, do not know what has stirred this possibility in Iagos mind another aspect of him that creates the villainous image as we do not know what he is thinking: It is absolutely certain that Othello appointed Cassio his Lieutenant, and nothing else is absolutely certain. If what he says is true, however, and if the audience could understand the possibility of this truth, then this would evoke a strong sense of pity as we could then see that he is almost the victim of the play and a victim from his own thoughts our raging motions, our carnal strings, raging and carnal suggest how angry and disturbed he is. Through the possibility of this motive we can understand the volume of his jealousy that makes him tragic: It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on. In Act three, scene three, Iago speaks this line as advice to Othello but it is possible that Shakespeare uses this technique to express Iagos pain in a safe way without damaging his ego by disguising it as advising anothers pain; guidance as opposed to confession. The meat it feeds on could quite literally be his meat and sense of self, which has now reduced him to insecurity. More likely than him feeling hurt by the betrayal of his wife is his sense of self through ownership and possession of Emilia that has been stolen from him. On the other hand, when he stabs Emilia he exclaims Villainous whore! This display of passion shows how it has tormented him. In Act five, scene two, Iagos insecurities remain sheathed by his reticent nature as he says: What you know, you Know. From this time forth I never will speak word. He chooses these words because he is unsure to what extent he has been right about Emilia and Othello. In the first act Iago places a large emphasis on being a cuckold so for him to become one is the greatest insult of all. He kills Emilia without hesitation but the possibility that she had not made a cuckold of him would of truly damaged his great pride, his self assurance; it would challenge many of his amoral beliefs. To express his claims and be wrong would completely destroy his mind so he remains silent which suggests his insecurity and inner turmoil. Iagos phrase defeat thy favour with a usurped beard means to reinstall manly hood, which may be another means of defining him as tragic as his fragile mind in a patriarchal world leads him to the assumption that maybe this is how he should react, to be a man by domineering the situation: a possible way of Shakespeare illustrating mens true powerlessness from a demanding patriarchy in terms of what makes manly behaviour. From this, we can see that Iago wanted to make Othello suffer the same strength of jealousy as he has done to him. This may not fit Hegels idea of tragic collision but each character certainly has been negating and damaging [the] power of the other5. They may not be suffering each others guilt but they do cause one another to suffer jealousy. Othellos (possible) misdeed negates the power Iago has over his mind and Iago avenges this by reciprocating. Iago is a tragic villain in that he has had to suffer and through his amoral conscience and egoistic nature he has become consumed by the loss of trust in his love. The line tis in ourselves suggests that he accepts who he has become and the line permission of the will validates that he is amoral and that he recognises he is significantly different from others in the way that he thinks: I never found a man who knew how to love himself This implies that he is this man and Aristotle would agree that he is true to life and yet more beautiful.

Hormones Essays - Endocrine System, Anatomy, Peptide Hormones

Hormones Essays - Endocrine System, Anatomy, Peptide Hormones Hormones IntroductionHormones are organic substances that are secreted by plants and animals and that function in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis. They carry out their functions by evoking responses from specific organs or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. The classical view of hormones is that they are transmitted to their targets in the bloodstream after discharge from the glands that secrete them. This mode of discharge (directly into the bloodstream) is called endocrine secretion. The meaning of the term hormone has been extended beyond the original definition of a blood-borne secretion, however, to include similar regulatory substances that are distributed by diffusion across cell membranes instead of by a blood system. . Among animals, the hormones of the vertebratesparticularly those of humans and other mammalsare the best known. Most vertebrate hormones originate in specialized tissues, called endocrine tissues, a nd are carried to their targets through the bloodstream. Endocrine glands.A major endocrine gland in vertebrates is the pituitary, which consists of two distinct sections: the anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis). The anterior pituitary is sometimes called the master gland, because it secretes several hormones that affect the other endocrine glands. For example, the anterior pituitary hormones thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate endocrine activity in the thyroid and the outer region (cortex) of the adrenal glands, respectively. The anterior pituitary also secretes hormones that affect the sex glands. One of these is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates egg production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes. Another is luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, LH works in conjunction with FSH to regulate the female reproductive cycle and the secretion of female sex hormones. In males, LH controls the production of the male sex hormones. Other hormones produced in the anterior pituitary include growth hormone, which is responsible for normal body growth, and prolactin, which promotes milk production in female mammals. Its designation as the master gland notwithstanding, the anterior pituitary itself is regulated by substances called releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus, the part of the brain located directly above the pituitary. These hypothalamic hormones stimulateor, in some cases, inhibitthe secretions of the anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones: oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract during birth, and vasopressin, which acts on the kidneys to restrict the output of urine. These two hormones are actually produced by the hypothalamus, which is linked directly to the posterior pituitary. Other endocrine glands in vertebrates include the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads (sex glan ds). The thyroid produces hormones that control metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. Hormones from the parathyroids are concerned with calcium concentration in the blood, and the pancreas releases insulin and glucagon, hormones that, respectively, lower and raise the blood-sugar level. Hormones from the adrenal cortex regulate glucose and sodium metabolism. Those secreted by the central portion (medulla) of the adrenals affect the heart and the circulatory and respiratory systems; these hormones are important in helping an individual cope with stress. The heart itself releases a hormone atrial natriuretic peptidethat helps regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and the salt and water balance within the blood. (see also Index: thyroid hormone, parathormone) The female sex hormonesthe estrogens and progesteroneare produced by the ovaries. Together with FSH and LH, these hormones control the cyclical changes in the female reproductive systemthe menstrual cycle in human females and th e estrous cycle in other female mammals. The estrogens also are responsible for female sexual characteristics. Progesterone is concerned with the maintenance of pregnancy. Male sex hormonesknown as androgensinclude testosterone, which is secreted by the testes. Testosterone is responsible for the maintenance of male sexual characteristics. Hormone chemistry.Structurally, vertebrate hormones fall into two main classes. Those of the adrenal cortex and the sex organs are steroids, a major class of lipid compounds. Virtually all other known vertebrate hormones consist of amino acids. Most nonsteroidal hormones are composed of chains of amino acidseither short chains (polypeptides) or long chains (proteins). The hormones of the adrenal medulla, however, are composed of amino acid derivatives called amines, those of the thyroid of a single amino acid combined with atoms